Sumo is much more than just a combat sport in Japan. Representing centuries of tradition, discipline and spirituality, sumo is deeply rooted in Japanese culture. But beyond the ground strikes and salt throwing, this sport is full of fascinating rules, a rich history and mythical locations. Let's discover together the world of sumo, between ancient rituals and a competitive calendar.
The Origins of Sumo: Between Religion and Entertainment
Sumo has its roots in ancient Japan, where it initially served as a ritual to honor the Shinto gods and obtain good harvests. At the time, sumo matches were part of religious ceremonies aimed at ensuring divine protection. It was only over the centuries that sumo became a sport in its own right, breaking away from religious rituals to become part of the entertainment of the imperial court and later of Japanese society.
Even today, sumo fights retain spiritual elements, such as the purification rituals of the dohyo (the fighting arena) or the ceremonial gestures, inherited from this long sacred history.
Understanding the rules: Simple in appearance, but rigorous
The principle of sumo is simple: to win, you just have to make your opponent leave the combat circle or make him touch the ground with a part of the body other than the feet. But if the rule seems easy, the implementation is quite different! Sumo requires great technical mastery and flawless rigor.
Some essential rules to know:
- No closed fists : Wrestlers must use pinning or pushing techniques without resorting to violent blows.
- No hair pulling : This gesture is against sumo ethics and can result in immediate disqualification.
- Speed and concentration : A sumo fight often lasts a few seconds, requiring sharp reflexes and maximum concentration.
Each fight is thus a concentration of power, strategy, and speed.
A structured calendar: Six major annual tournaments
Sumo follows a rigorous schedule of six major tournaments (basho) per year, each lasting 15 days. These tournaments are held in key cities across Japan and are national events watched by millions of fans. Each wrestler competes daily during the 15-day tournament, with the goal of accumulating as many victories as possible.
The annual calendar is as follows:
- January : Tokyo Tournament (Kokugikan)
- March : Osaka Tournament
- May : Tokyo Tournament (Kokugikan)
- July : Nagoya Tournament
- September : Tokyo Tournament (Kokugikan)
- November : Fukuoka Tournament
These tournaments allow wrestlers to climb the ladder of the sumo hierarchy and aspire to the prestigious title of yokozuna (grand champion), a status reserved for exceptional wrestlers.
Check out clips and watch fights on the Grand Sumo Highlights website .
The Sumo Hierarchy: A Sport of Rank and Status
Sumo is governed by a strict hierarchy, with each wrestler aiming to progress through the different ranks. Here is an overview of the main ranks:
- Yokozuna : The highest and most honored title. Yokozuna are the undisputed champions and must maintain exemplary conduct.
- Ozeki : The rank just below, also carrying a high level of respect. Unlike yokozuna, ozeki can be demoted for poor performance.
- Sekiwake and Komusubi : Intermediate ranks for experienced wrestlers.
- Maegashira : The entry rank into the top division, where wrestlers begin their journey into the elite.
This hierarchy not only affects the reputation of wrestlers, but also their privileges and remuneration. The higher a wrestler progresses, the greater his status and responsibilities increase.
Mythical Sumo Places: Where History Meets Modernity
Sumo is primarily practiced at Tokyo's Kokugikan , which is considered the modern temple of sumo. Located in the Ryogoku district, this stadium hosts three of the six major annual tournaments. With a capacity of 11,000, the Kokugikan is much more than just a sports arena; it is a place where sumo traditions are preserved and passed down.
In addition to the Kokugikan, each regional tournament (Osaka, Nagoya, and Fukuoka) allows residents of these cities to attend these prestigious events. Between tournaments, it is also possible to watch wrestlers train at the heya (sumo stables) in Tokyo, offering a unique insight into their discipline and rigor.
Rituals and traditions: When sport and spirituality meet
Sumo is a sport steeped in tradition, and each bout is surrounded by sacred rituals. Before each match, wrestlers perform an intimidation ritual by stamping their feet on the ground to ward off evil spirits. They also throw salt into the dohyo to purify it, a gesture reminiscent of sumo's Shinto roots.
Wearing the mawashi (the traditional loincloth) is also a tradition to which wrestlers are attached. In addition to its symbolic aspect, the mawashi reflects the spirit of respect and discipline that characterizes sumo. In the event of accidental loss of the mawashi during a fight, the wrestler is automatically disqualified, because dignity is at the heart of this sport.
Sumo, a living heritage of Japan
Sumo embodies the essence of Japanese culture, combining strength, respect, and spirituality. Beyond the sporting aspect, it is a true living tradition that continues to attract crowds, both in Japan and abroad. Between ancient rituals and modern competition, sumo remains a strong symbol of Japanese identity.
So, whether you are passionate about intense fights or simply curious to learn more about this ancient discipline, attending a sumo tournament is a unique experience to discover Japan from a different angle.
